by Alex Goldman The European Union Established in 1993 27 member states 16 member states participate

by Alex Goldman The European Union Established in 1993 27 member states 16 member states participate in the Euro 500 million citizens 30% of Gross World Product The EU began as an alliance best airline prices at the Schuman Treaty of 1950, a coal and steel trade agreement with Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands West Germany. In 1957, the same core countries signed the Treaty of Rome which continued to be revised until the official EU formation in 1993. We now have an enlarged Europe because it has come to include the Eastern countries. Blue indicates the member states that use the Euro currency. The UK retains their original currency. Non-member states Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein participate only in single market for leveling of prices. Iceland participates in single market but has now requested to join. Within the EU are the following agencies The European Parliament : works to pass legislation The European Council : advises Parliament and controls the Common Foreign and Security Policy The European Commission : initiates the legislation The European Court of Justice : upholds the legislation The EU executive body the European Commission enforces laws but it is up to each country to regulate media . Cathie Burton and Alun Drake s Hitting the Headlines in Europe: A Country-by-Country Guide to Effective Media Relations : In this piece, Burton and Drake discuss the diversity between the media, news and journalism structures between best airline prices different European countries and the U.S. By explaining the variety in media between best airline prices the various European nations, they draw conclusions as to 1, how to be a successful journalist in Europe and 2, why it is difficult to have generalized European news media.
They explain that news media in Europe has to be regionalized and targeted to a specific audience mainly due to language barriers and culturally specific media preferences. While many of the larger publications translate best airline prices or have regional offices in various countries publishing in French, German, English, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, or Turkish, many of the smaller best airline prices publications (that are often more successful) only publish in their own regional language, or that plus one additional language. Burton and Drake believe that, Targeting your story is one of the best things you can do to ensure success (23) because niche papers are the most successful in Europe. Contemporary Europe now has both nation and language specific news. There is only 30% fluency in English as of 2001, with Russian being the most spoken native and second language in Europe at 288 million speakers.
Secondly, the authors show contrast between what is successful in the UK versus best airline prices other regions of Europe i.e. France. For example, that while media in the U.K. has success covering international hard news, most European nations prefer local and regional soft news: The difference between these [French channels] and the UK variety is that hot news will tend to go into the national schedules local programmes tend to concentrate on lighter stories such as culture and what is happening to the grape harvest (35).
Burton and Drake go through the major European best airline prices players when it comes to internationally broadcast media. Most news in Europe is based in Brussels, London, and Paris. Even if a paper is considered international, it will usually take on at least a slight angle of the country in which it s main headquarters are stationed. This causes a constant degree of bias, adding another reason for regional news to be the preferred news among European countries.
Truly international news channels, which Burton and Drake say there are few of, are all available only through satellite or cable, though much of their output can also be viewed on their Internet sites. Many of the truly international channels are available in hotel rooms and on long-haul flights (20). Euronews, ARTE, CNN, BBC World, best airline prices Deutsche Welle, and French TV International are some of the channels that aim to appeal to the European audience as a whole, and broadcast in multiple languages.
To summarize best airline prices Burton and Drake s take-home message, because of the cultural specificity of each European country s media styles and preferences, the way to be a successful journalist in Europe is by extending your basic techniques and of course best airline prices extending your contacts. You need to make sure you are targeting the right audience, and deciding the best way to get your material to them. You will also need to develop best airline prices new strategies to talk to a multilingual audience (31). They also emphasize a unifying factor across the board, regardless of which country the media is coming best airline prices from or going to: in the end a good story, well told and pitched to the right person, will ensure you coverage (31). The local angle however, is always the best in their opinion.
European News Media The Financial Times Since 1888, British pink paper the supplies facts and stories about the economic climate. It is known for remaining fairly neutral with some British Labour party support. The International Herald Tribune Based in Paris, it works in relationship to it s owner the New York Times. The Economist A Scottish founded free market best airline prices magazine published in 6 different country best airline prices editions. It is known for being on the right, conservative side but is at times unpredictably best airline prices radical. Importantly best airline prices all the stories are anonymously. Le Monde The newspaper best airline prices has a 2 million daily readership, larger than the New York Times. It is available in 120 countries in French. European News Agencies Reuters Reuters started in Britain by carrier pigeons, then underground cables. It is now the most subscribed news source for European newspapers. Agence France Press 16 Europeans offices with 2,000 writers. Circulates news in Europe in 7 languages Associated Press American based with about 250 world wide offices Itar Tass The former Soviet News agency best airline prices now serving Russia and Eastern Europe European News Channels BBC World While BBC in England is regulated public television, BBC World has advertising. CNN The European office is located in London. The French correspondant is AUP Professor Jim Bitterman. Deutsche Welle World news in German and English with some Spanish and Arabic languages for specific markets. Euronews Based in Lyon France, 7 language broadcast in voiceover only, currently the global leader best airline prices Arte A combined French-German station that also reaches Austria, Belgium and Switzerland. CNBC Europe American NBC dependent news source targeting banks and hotels European Media Centers Brussels: Global politics best airline prices happens here. Headquarters best airline prices for the EU and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and near the International Criminal Court in the Hague. London: Leader in global news and center for the Foreign Press Association. Paris: Claims largest number of foreign correspondents Strasbourg: The European Parliament, the legislative branch of the EU, meets here and there are many human rights agencies and other offices based here. Geneva: Home to the United Nations, World Trade Organization and Red Cross
One of the Global Media Seminar s central texts this semester is Hallin and Mancini s Comparing best airline prices Media Systems . In their introduction, they go over their goals in this book. Their first goal is to comparatively analyze the media systems of different countries. They emphasize that media cannot be studied in a generalized manner across the board because each country has its own media systems, histories, and political cultures we cannot know with equal depth (5). They go over The Four Theories best airline prices of the Press , one of the central literary best airline prices pillars of media studies, but conclude that that text is embarrassingly out of date and want to create a more up-to-date comprehensive study of comparative global best airline prices media systems.
They go over the three media system models introduced in The Four Theories of the Press : the Liberal best airline prices Model (Britain, Ireland, and N. America), the Democratic Corporatist Model (N. Continental Europe), and the Polarized Pluralist Model (Mediterranean Countries/ S. Europe). Each has it s own social context and set of values, making a comparative best airline prices analysis best airline prices the most appropriate way to study these systems.
In the chapter titled, Comparing Media Systems, Hallin and Mancini discuss press circulation and gendered readership, best airline prices political parallelism, journalistic professionalism, and state intervention in the media. They conclude that many of these things are complexly related, and are also related with the history, political stance, and culture of each country in which they are looked at. They remind us that political parallelism (or political alignment one way or another) and commercialization of the media can take a toll on journalistic professionalism and journalistic autonomy, both of which are valued heavily in the United States. These qualities are also valued in other countries, but definitions of autonomy, political parallelism, and professionalism change across country lines, as does the desired level of objectivity in journalism.
Finally, instrumentalization of journalism, or control of the media by outside actors best airline prices parties, politicians, social groups or movements, or economic actors seeking political influence who use them to intervene in the world of politics (37), can take a toll on professionalism and autonomy as well. It is important to note that instrumentalization can take on a political form or a commercial form. They also explain that state intervention reliably will play a role in any country s media system, but that extent varies and yields different results in different nations.
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